Bellona’s report shows that a stepwise roll-out of deep decarbonisation infrastructure, in the form of CO₂ transport and CO₂ storage infra­structure, can enable industrial emitters, employment unions and regional government engage constructively in creating a deeply decarbonised industrial base for Europe.

The presence of infrastructure to take CO₂ away from sources and allow commercial disentanglement along the CO₂ capture, transport and storage value chain will significantly reduce the commercial and organisational obstacles for CO₂ capture at industrial sites. CO₂ Market Makers (regional CO₂ transport and storage infrastructure development organisations) are key in enabling the deployment of an effective CO₂ network in order to reduce costs and risks of industrial deep decarbonisation.

Market Makers that enable deep decarbonisation of industry have come to prominence due to slow prog­ress in deploying CO₂ capture, transport and storage in Europe. The concept of planned and strategic devel­opment of CO₂ infrastructure is not new. In 2005, the Bellona Foundation proposed elements of a CO₂ Market Maker to increase CO₂ use on the North Sea. In its November 2014 on Business Models for Commercial CO₂ Transport and Storage, the Zero Emissions Platform (ZEP, the EU Technology Platform for CCS, in which Bellona plays a leading role) picked up that concept of CO₂ Market Makers to progress CO₂ storage deployment in line with European decarbonisation path­ways.

Some key characteristics of Market Makers are that they address many of the structural market failures that retard CCS and the coordination barri­er in them. Through providing a form of central planning Market Makers give certainty to a CO₂ storage developer that CO₂ will be captured and certain­ty to an industrial CO₂ capture. Another characteristic is that they provide a degree of policy certainty to emitters of decarbonisation require­ments and timelines. At the same time they can act if required to preserve useful retiring infrastructure, such as natural gas pipelines scheduled for decommissioning that are suitable for CO₂ transport.

Bellona shaping the necessary EU regulatory framework for CCS deployment

In May 2015, in a meeting with European Commission Vice President Maroš Šefčovič, ZEP and Bellona present­ed this as a recommended way forward for the EU, re­sulting in the Vice President’s request for an ‘Executable Plan’ for enabling CCS in Europe. Bellona led the work with this plan, which was presented to the Commission in the summer of 2015. A follow-up was requested from the Commission that would iden­tify some key strategic industrial regions for which a CO₂ hubs-and-clusters approach would be particularly relevant. There are now encouraging signs that the Market Mak­er and CO₂ hubs and clusters concepts are being picked up by CCS policy makers in various parts of Europe.

Especially encouraging is the recent news that the Norwegian government has approved funding of the FEED studies for three large-scale industrial CO₂ capture projects (for cement, ammonia and waste incineration respectively) along with a shared transport and storage solution for the three. The preferred solution would be a ship terminal on the Norwegian west coast, connect­ed with a pipeline to take CO₂ to offshore storage. This would open for receiving CO₂ from any emission source with access to shipping facilities. It is a solution which could benefit initial CO₂ Market Makers across Europe and as such closely follows the abovementioned 2015 Bellona CO₂ economy recommendations.

CO₂ transport and storage benefit greatly from economies of scale – costs can be reduced quickly through scaling up and sharing of infrastructure between projects.